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- GERD HILDEBRANDT, HERBERT THIESS
-
-
- S O F T W A R E Z 8 0 O N 6 8 0 0 0
- -----------------------------------------
-
-
- TO ENCOURAGE THE TRANSITION TO POWERFUL 68000 16 BIT HARDWARE
- A Z80- AND CP/M-EMULATOR BRIDGES THE SOFTWARE GAP. A PURE
- SOFTWARE EMULATION PROVIDES A COMPLETE VIRTUAL Z80 CPU UNDER
- THE CP/M 2.2 OPERATING SYSTEM.
-
-
- The micro-revolution currently is on the move from the 8 bit
- to the 16 bit generation. In the 8 bit generation the Z80 is the
- microprocessor with the biggest market share, its instruction
- set is upward compatible with the 8080/8085 microprocessors.
- With millions of microprocessors of this family in use, one
- operating system was quickly established as a standard: CP/M 2.2
- from Digital Research. Supported by this wide acceptance, the
- largest software library of tools and applications could grow.
- Over the years, huge investments were spent in CP/M standard
- software, the development of specific applications and the
- training of users. These programs are now well tested and their
- users have become accustomed to them.
-
- With the growing demand for software flexibility, the limits
- of the 8 bit generation, especially the 64 K addressing range,
- were encountered. The first microprocessor of the new 16 bit
- generation, the Intel 8086, was quickly pushed into the market.
- Its instruction set and register structure were designed as an
- extension of the 8080/8085. So it was possible to transfer exis-
- ting programs easily to the 8086. The limitations of the 64 K
- addressing range were overcome, but a lack of orthogonality and
- addressing capability in the architecture remains. The successor
- 80186 was extended by some hardware-features, but the poor
- instruction set was retained. The same applies to the 80286 in
- its compatibility mode. The new 286 mode is hampered by design
- flaws on the chip.
-
- Other microprocessor developers did not insist on upward
- compatibility and took the chance to introduce new concepts of
- CPU architecture with their 16 bit generation microprocessors.
- Thus the 68000, even though it came late, is now established as
- an alternative to the 8086. The 68000 family was extended by the
- more powerful 68010 and the 32 bit processor 68020.
-
- Today the 16 bit micro market is mainly divided between two
- opponents: on one side the conventional 8086 family with a large
- software base and on the other side the advanced 68000 family
- with less software as yet available. In contrast to the 8 bit
- generation, in the 16 bit generation no microprocessor and
- therefore no operating system has become established as a stan-
- dard. The ongoing confusion about future trends leads to uncer-
- tainty for customers and blocks investment in both new hardware
- and software.
-
-
- A b r i d g e b e t w e e n Z 8 0 a n d 6 8 0 0 0
-
-
- For users who will take the more innovative way to the 16 bit
- generation, SoftDesign of Munich have developed a tool to ease
- the transition: the CP/M-Z80 EMULATOR opens up the whole
- CP/M 2.2 software library for 68000 micros with CP/M-68K. Using
- the CP/M-Z80 EMULATOR results in various advantages:
-
- - Software tools and applications not yet available for CP/M-68K
- can be substituted by CP/M 2.2 programs. Thus assemblers,
- cross-assemblers, compilers for many languages, text-proces-
- sing, spreadsheets etc. become immediately available.
-
- - It is possible to take the step up to the 16 bit generation
- and continue using existing 8 bit software. Investments in
- existing software are not lost or wasted.
-
- - The advantages of modern hardware can be utilized by Z80
- software.
-
- - A 68000 system with CP/M-68K can serve as Z80 software deve-
- lopment system without the necessity to keep 8 bit hardware.
-
- The CP/M-Z80 EMULATOR runs without adaptation on any 68000
- computer with the CP/M-68K operating system vers. 1.1 or 1.2 and
- at least 95 K user memory (TPA). Usage of the EMULATOR is very
- simple: entering the command "CPMZ80<return>" starts the
- EMULATOR and a complete CP/M 2.2 system with Z80 CPU is activa-
- ted. Even an experienced CP/M user will not notice that there is
- no Z80, but a 68000 CPU, working in the system. All CP/M 2.2
- compatible programs will run without restrictions:
-
- WORDSTAR, MBASIC, DBASE II, MULTIPLAN, PL/I-80, BDS C,
- TURBO PASCAL, PASCAL MT+, MACRO-80, LINK-80, DDT, XSUB,
- SUBMIT, ZSID, DU, MOVEIT, MODEM77, ZORK, just to name a few...
-
-
- F a s t Z 8 0 e m u l a t i o n
-
-
- The emulation of a CPU in software is time consuming because
- it works in a similar way to an interpreter. Each operation of
- the virtual CPU is interpreted by a short code sequence of the
- emulating CPU. Emulation is specially difficult for peculiari-
- ties in the emulated CPU's architecture not found on the hard-
- ware CPU. For example it is quite complicated for the 68000 CPU
- to generate the Z80's Half Carry Flag and to compensate the re-
- verse order of the bytes in a word. However, the CP/M-Z80 EMULA-
- TOR is completely written in assembly language and gains its
- high speed by optimally using the large register frame of the
- 68000 CPU and table driven interpretation. Under the CP/M-Z80
- EMULATOR average CP/M-80 programs execute with the speed of a
- 2 MHz Z80 CPU on a 8 MHz 68000 system. In practice the execution
- speed varies for different programs, an important factor is the
- frequency of I/O access. Programs with heavy disk I/O for
- example may run even faster than on real Z80 hardware. On the
- other hand intensive arithmetic computations slow down the
- EMULATOR. The following measurements for the execution time
- ratio between the virtual CPU and Z80 hardware have been taken:
-
- Extreme values : 0.6 and 6
- Average : 2
-
- To allow access to 68000 hardware I/O ports by Z80 I/O op-
- codes, a special interface has been provided. For that purpose
- the user may build a custom driver to map Z80 port addresses to
- 68000 I/O routines. If such a driver module is present, it is
- loaded automatically by the EMULATOR. Communication software can
- utilize these I/O capabilities to access modems and other data
- links. This eases the transport of existing CP/M 2.2 software to
- the 68000 system.
-
-
- I n t e g r a t e d C P / M - 8 0
-
-
- The CP/M-Z80 EMULATOR includes a specially designed operating
- system upward compatible to CP/M-80. The user interface corres-
- ponds to that of standard CP/M 2.2 with some user friendly
- extensions and improvements. An additional EXIT command provides
- a means of returning to CP/M-68K. All physical I/O devices
- implemented under CP/M-68K (terminal, printer and other inter-
- faces) and all background storage devices (floppy disk drives,
- hard disks, tape streamers and RAM disks) are accessible from
- the emulated CP/M-80. An automatic configuration algorithm
- installs all these devices without user intervention. This leads
- to a transportability between CP/M-68K and the emulated CP/M-80.
- All files can be read and written under both systems. Compact
- implementation of the CP/M-80 system provides a large user
- memory (TPA) of 58 Kbyte. All system calls defined in CP/M-80
- are fully implemented.
-
-
- P r o f e s s i o n a l t o o l
-
-
- The CP/M-Z80 EMULATOR is used by software professionals on
- many different CP/M-68K systems. The EMULATOR is a proven soft-
- ware product and is ready for immediate delivery. A free demo
- disk is available for evaluation without risk or obligation.
- Disks can be supplied either in 5 inch STRIDE or 8 inch single
- density format. Versions of the CP/M-Z80 EMULATOR for OS-9/68K
- and UNIX V are under development.
- ə